Author: Dr. Trevor Hancock

• (Published as “Ecological footprint doesn’t include impact of methane, loss of biodiversity”

The way the ecological footprint is calculated means the estimate that Saanich’s is equivalent to four planets is an underestimate

Dr. Trevor Hancock

20 November 2023

700 words

Important though the ecological footprint is, the way it is calculated means the estimate that Saanich’s ecological footprint is equivalent to four planets is an underestimate. That is because a lot of different activities – energy use, food growing, materials for buildings, modes of transportation, waste disposal – are all expressed as a measure of land area used. It is a useful measure of our impact on the Earth, but it is incomplete, because not everything can be converted to an area of land.

We need to be aware of this, so we do not only focus on the footprint and neglect other important ways in which what we do in Saanich has a harmful impact on the local, regional and global ecosystems that sustain us and all life. 

So this week I want to explore the first two of three key areas of human impact not adequately captured by the ecological footprint, but that still need to be addressed if we are to become a One Planet Region. These map to the three global ecological crises described by the UN – climate change, biodiversity loss and pollution.

The ecological footprint does not measure climate change or energy use per se, but measures carbon emissions and converts that into the area of land that would need to be planted in trees to absorb that amount of emissions. However, that does not work for methane – a short-lived but potent greenhouse gas – because it is not taken up and sequestered by nature. So the footprint does not account for methane, despite its global warming potential.

Back in 2009, researchers at the University of Limerick in Ireland estimated the impact of including methane in Ireland’s ecological footprint. They found that if the global warming potential of methane were included, Ireland’s footprint would be about 20 percent higher.    

This underestimate of the footprint assumes greater significance when we recognise that the amount of methane being released to the atmosphere is far greater than corporations and governments have been telling us. Gas systems leak at all points from extraction through transmission in pipelines to end use; if the gas is turned into LNG there are also leaks during the liquefaction and shipping stages.

The crucial question is how much they leak. A 2023 article in Environmental Research Letters reported that leakage of anywhere between 2 and 9 percent (depending on the timeframe used) still means that replacing coal with gas is beneficial. But that same article noted that leakage rates in the US can be as high as 66 percent, while the recent ‘Production Gap Report’ from, among others, the UN Environment Programme, notes that improved measurements of “methane leakage along the gas supply chain have substantially reduced the expected climate benefits of replacing coal with gas.”   

The second ecological crisis that is not included in an estimate of Saanich’s ecological footprint is the loss of biodiversity. The Global Footprint Network clearly states: “The Ecological Footprint is not an indicator of the state of biodiversity, and the impact of a particular activity or process on biodiversity does not directly affect the Ecological Footprint calculation for that activity.”

However, the Network adds, “the Ecological Footprint can be used as a large-scale indicator of the underlying drivers or pressures that cause biodiversity loss.” So we need to recognise both that a four (or more) planet footprint places an enormous strain on nature and also document all the ways in which we harm ecosystems and reduce biodiversity, whether it be damaging local streams and their salmon runs or eating a high-meat diet sourced in part from the conversion of the Amazon rainforest to pasture.

The third impact that is not well represented by the ecological footprint is our use and dispersal of toxic chemicals: “Toxics and pollutants released from the human economy that cannot in any way be absorbed or broken down by biological processes . . .  cannot be directly assigned an Ecological Footprint”, notes the Network.

Next week I will discuss the increasingly alarming toll of these chemicals on both human health and the health of other species and entire ecosystems, and what we need to do locally about that, as well as about methane emissions and biodiversity loss.

© Trevor Hancock, 2023

thancock@uvic.ca

Dr. Trevor Hancock is a retired professor and senior scholar at the

University of Victoria’s School of Public Health and Social Policy

Obvious ways to reduce our ecological  footprint include switching to a low meat or “flexitarian” diet,  reducing food waste and creating compact, walkable “15-minute”  neighbourhoods

Dr. Trevor Hancock

14 November 2023

700 words

Over the past two weeks I have dug into the details of Saanich’s ‘four planets’ ecological footprint (EF), as calculated by CHRM Consulting. This week I look at the key recommmendations in the report for getting us to a ‘One Planet’ Saanich – which, of course, is also applicable to the whole region.

However, it is worth recalling that almost half (46 percent) of Saanich’s footprint is due to the activities of the federal and provincial governments, so while there is a lot that local governments and citizens can do to reduce our footprint, we also depend upon and must urge those governments to do their part.

The headlines from the report are:

• Our food consumption alone (24 percent of our EF) is equivalent to one planet, with 69 percent of that due to meat, fish, eggs and dairy consumption;
• Sixty two percent of the transport footprint (which is 17 percent of the EF) is due to light vehicles (mostly private) and 22 percent is attributable to air travel;
• Likewise, 62 percent of the buildings footprint (7 percent of the EF) is due to the energy used to operate our residential, commercial and institutional buildings; and finally
• Almost half the waste stream (which represents consumables and is 6 percent of the EF) is in the category of natural fiber textiles, rubber, and non-demolition wood waste and another quarter is paper, while 12 percent is plastic.

First, and understandably given the above, “an overarching priority for climate action is to minimize demand for energy and eliminate emissions from use of fossil fuels.” At a time when irresponsible political leaders are calling for a reduction or even elimination of the carbon tax, it is important to recognize that the tax is, as Minister Guilbeault stated a year ago, a tax on pollution. 

It is also important to recall that the ecological footprint does not include methane. But numerous reports and studies have shown that liquified natural gas (LNG) is not the ‘clean’ fuel it is marketed to be (nor is it ‘natural’). Indeed, once all the fugitive methane emissions from its extraction, transportation, liquefaction, further transportation and combustion are taken into account, it may be more damaging than coal. Which is why moves to prevent new gas heating installations in Nanaimo, Victoria and elsewhere make sense.

Given that the largest part of the footprint (after the federal and provincial governments’ share) comes from food and food waste, an obvious way to reduce our footprint is to switch to a low meat or ‘flexitarian’ diet, and to markedly reduce food waste at all stages along the supply chain. 

This should be coupled with federal and provincial initiatives to encourage and support sustainable agricultural practices, such as the recently announced Sustainable Canadian Agricultural Partnership between the federal and provincial governments.

Also noteworthy is the second goal of the BC Ministry of Agriculture and Food’s Service plan, which includes reference to regenerative, low-carbon farming, although there is not a single mention in the plan of either organic or ecological farming. Locally, the Sandown Centre for Regenerative Agriculture in North Saanich points the way to “a thriving, climate change-resilient, sustainable local food system.”

With respect to making transportation more sustainable, the report states: “We can have greater impact if we go beyond switching to electric vehicles and instead focus on reducing the demand for vehicle-based travel.” Supportive policies include creating compact, walkable ’15-minute neighbourhoods’, promoting electric vehicle sharing, and creating the infrastructure for walking, biking and rolling.

When it comes to buildings, BC’s Step Code supports municipalities in gradually increasing the energy efficiency of buildings. Saanich, for example, adopted the Zero Carbon Step Code earlier this year and “does not recognize Renewable Natural Gas for compliance.” Other useful measures include building smaller, multi-family, higher density homes that are more affordable, use fewer materials and require less heating and cooling.

Finally, we can reduce consumption and waste by placing more focus on sharing, re-use and repair in addition to recycling, and by buying less ‘stuff’.

In addition to the measures identified in the report, there are other areas of action that are not captured in the way the ecological footprint is measured. I will explore them next week.

© Trevor Hancock, 2023

thancock@uvic.ca

Dr. Trevor Hancock is a retired professor and senior scholar at the

University of Victoria’s School of Public Health and Social Policy

• Published as “Digging into our transportation, buildings and consumables footprint”

Transportation, the next largest component after food, accounts for 17 per cent of Saanich’s ecological footprint, and fossil fuel accounts for almost all of that

Dr. Trevor Hancock

7 November 2023

701 words

Last week I began digging into the details of Saanich’s ‘four planets’ ecological footprint (EF), as calculated by CHRM Consulting; the report is available on the District of Saanich website. I looked at our food consumption and associated food waste, which at 24 percent is the largest share of the EF (setting aside the 46 percent of the EF that is due to the local activities of the provincial and federal governments). This week, I will look at the other three main categories – transportation, buildings, and consumables and waste.

Transportation, the next largest component after food, accounts for 17 percent of Saanich’s footprint. Fossil fuel (gasoline, diesel, aviation and marine fuel) accounts for almost all of that, including the fuel used to operate vehicles (60 percent of the transportation footprint) and to extract, process and transport those fossil fuels (a further 28 percent of the transport EF). Another 10 percent of the footprint is the energy embodied in the materials used to construct all those vehicles, which includes the impacts of extraction and processing of those materials, with the remaining 2 percent being the land area taken up by roads and related infrastucture (except parking lots).

When we examine the EF by type of transportation, the largest contributor is light duty vehicles (cars, light trucks) at 62 percent, followed by air travel (22 percent), heavy duty vehicles (6 percent), off-road vehicles (4 percent) and BC Ferries and other watercraft (3 percent). The reason for all the focus on private vehicle use and flying is obvious.

The third main category in Saanich’s overall EF, at 7 percent of the total, is buildings, and most (62 percent) of the EF of buildings is due to the energy used to operate them; heating, cooling, lighting and so on. A further 19 percent of the EF of buildings is due to the materials and energy embodied in their construction (i.e. the land area needed to extract and process the materials. used in construction, as well as the energy used for extraction, processing and construction) while a further 13 percent is due to the energy used to extract, process and transport the fuels used in the ‘operating’ category. Finally, the remaining 6 percent of the EF of buildings is the land area on which they sit.

The report also tells us that 65 percent of the buildings footprint is attributable to residential buildings, with the rest due to a combination of commercial and institutional buildings.

The category of consumables and waste, which represent 6 percent of Saanich’s EF, is actually calculated based on what is disposed of annually, based on a 2022 regional waste audit. The assumption is that, on the one hand, “the majority of materials consumed are disposed within the year”, and on the other that the “steady flow of durable goods disposed every year [is] equivalent to the new durable goods supply entering the region.” It also includes liquid waste, but that constitutes only a tiny fraction of the consumables and waste footprint.

The distinction between embodied materials and embodied energy is also important in this category. Embodied materials – “the forest and crop areas needed to produce the disposed of materials such as paper, wood, and textiles” – make up 44 percent of the EF of consumables and waste, with almost all the rest (52 percent) being the embodied energy of those materials – “the emissions associated with producing the materials”,

Importantly, the emissions reported do not include methane emissions from landfill and sewage systems, since unlike carbon emissions, methane cannot be sequestered, so it cannot be converted to a land equivalent in order to calculate the ecological footprint. This is a useful reminder that, if anything, the EF underestimates the true impact of our activities.

The largest component of consumables – 44 percent – is ‘non-compostable organics’, of which about 80 percent is textiles; paper comes next at 24 percent, then plastic (12 percent) and household hygiene products (9 percent).

Next week, I will look at what all this means for local action. What should we focus on, where are the big wins, and what policy actions do we need, not just locally, but provincially and federally, to create a One Planet region.

© Trevor Hancock, 2023

thancock@uvic.ca

Dr. Trevor Hancock is a retired professor and senior scholar at the

University of Victoria’s School of Public Health and Social Policy

• (Published as “We need to get our ecological footprint down to one planet”)

Over two-thirds of our food footprint is attributable to animal-based foods, which are much more energy and land-intensive

Dr. Trevor Hancock

31 October 2023

702 words

As I reported last week, CHRM Consulting has just completed an updated report on the ecological footprint of Saanich, which is available on the District of Saanich website. The report found Saanich’s footprint was equivalent to four planets’ worth of biocapacity each year, meaning we require four times more biologically productive land and water area than is available to us on a fair global basis.

Of that, almost half (46 percent) results from “senior government impacts”, including “infrastructure and services provided to citizens that are not captured at the local level”. We pay for them through our federal and provincial taxes, so they are not included in the consumption data used in the ecoCity Footprint Tool to calculate the local footprint.

The remaining 54 percent consists of the footprint associated with food (24 percent), transportation (17 percent), buildings (7 percent) and consumables and waste (6 percent). The report provides considerable detail on what makes up each component of the footprint, and what can be done to reduce our footprint, with the aim of getting to a One Planet footprint as soon as possible.

Our food consumption (and waste) is the largest component outside of senior government impacts. Since local data on food consumption was not available – it would need a special survey – national averages were used instead. Thus this report tells us about what our impact is and what would need to happen nationally, and presumably, for the most part, locally.

First, food accounts for 20 percent of what is known as our consumption-based greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions; that is, emissions anywhere in the world associated with the production, processing and distribution of the food we consume in Canada. Of that, only 9 percent of the emissions come from the transportation of food, meaning we need to focus mainly on what we eat, rather than where it comes from.

This is in fact an underestimate, as the way the footprint is calculated does not include methane, and we know farming is a major source of methane. The UN Environment Programmme reports agriculture accounts for about 40 percent of all human-linked methane emissions, mainly from livestock (manure and animal emissions – cow farts, to put it simply) but also from rice paddies. Moreover, because methane is a more potent GHG than CO₂ and only remains in the atmosphere for a decade or so, an increase or reduction in methane can have quite a rapid impact on global warming over the short term.

Overall, the footprint of our food consumption alone is equivalent to one planet, in part because of the amount of land needed to produce our food. As a recent article in Anthropocene Magazine noted, “Planet Earth is basically a farm . . . over half of all habitable land is used for agriculture.” More than half of the food footprint (54 percent) is due to our consumption of meat, fish and eggs, with a further 15 percent due to dairy consumption, meaning over two-thirds (69 percent) is attributable to animal-based foods, which are much more energy and land-intensive.

Moreover, the report notes, “In Canada, about half the food we produce is wasted”, with a significant part of that waste occurring in the supply chain. So not surprisingly, the report suggests: “We can achieve dramatic reduction in our footprint and emissions if we prioritize reducing food waste across the supply chain and also shift to low carbon food choices.”

But reducing the ecological footprint of our agrifood system is not simply a matter of changing what we eat and wasting less food. There are implications for the entire system of agriculture, as a recent article in PLOS Climate showed. The international team of researchers used a global food system model to examine how the agrifood system could actually remove CO₂ from the atmosphere. They conclude that while low-meat ‘flexitarian’ diets can contribute, the largest impacts will come from “hydrogen-powered fertilizer production, livestock feeds, organic and inorganic soil amendments, agroforestry, and sustainable seafood harvesting practices”, all of which we could and should do locally.

Next week I will look at what the report says about transportation, buildings, and consumables and waste, and what else it will take to get to a One Planet Saanich.

© Trevor Hancock, 2023

thancock@uvic.ca

Dr. Trevor Hancock is a retired professor and senior scholar at the

University of Victoria’s School of Public Health and Social Policy

Some nations use nowhere near their fair share of the Earth’s biocapacity and resources, while others — such as Canada, with its nearly five-planet footprint — have far more

Dr. Trevor Hancock

23 October 2023

700 words

The concept of a One Planet region is very simple; we only have one planet, and thus need to live within its limits. That should have been been obvious all along, but never more so than since 1972, when two key books – ‘Only One Earth’ and ‘The Limits to Growth’ – were published for the First UN Conference on the Environment in Stockholm.

Back then, according to the Global Footprint Network, our collective global ecological footprint – the ecological assets that the world’s population requires to produce the natural resources it consumes and to absorb its waste, especially carbon emissions – was equivalent to just over one planet’s worth of annual biocapacity; today it is 1.75 planets.

But in utilising 1.75 planets’ worth of biocapacity we are “drawing down the resources of the planet faster than they can be regenerated”, as the Saanich report (see below) neatly puts it. As a result we have – not surprisingly – crossed six of the nine planetary boundaries for key natural systems that support life on Earth, and we are approaching two more.

Moreover, our overall global footprint hides inequalities. Some nations use nowhere near their fair share of the Earth’s biocapacity and resources, making it hard if not impossible to meet the basic needs of their citizens, while others – such as Canada, with its nearly 5-planets footprint – have far more.

But think for a moment about the implications of being a five-planet country. First, if the whole world lived the way we do, we would need four more planets. Second, if we continue to utilise five planet’s worth of biocapacity, we are in effect making it impossible for those who have less to get the biocapacity and resources they need in order to live lives of decent quality.

Third, reducing our footprint to one planet’s worth of biocapacity means an 80 percent reduction in our footprint. Happily, since over 60 percent of our footprint is our carbon footprint, getting to net-zero carbon emissions gets us a long way there. (However, we would still have a significant carbon footprint, since net-zero is not zero; it means we emit as much carbon as the Earth (or our technology) can re-absorb.)

I noted last week that the District of Saanich recently released the report by CHRM Consulting on Saanich’s ecological and carbon footprints in 2021. Saanich’s ecological footprint, which is probably representative of the Greater Victoria region as a whole, was equivalent to four planets. While this is a bit better than Canada’s five planets footprint, we’re still a long way from being a One Planet region, needing a 75 percent reduction in our footprint.

What the Saanich report shows us, in some detail, is what makes up our four-planet footprint, and what we need to do to reduce it. Unlike the top-down method used to calculate national footprints, the Saanich report uses the ecoCity Footprint Tool developed by Dr. Jennie Moore at the BC Institute of Technology in Vancouver. It uses local consumption-based data, where it is available, with national or provincial data extrapolated to the local level where needed.

Its advantage is that it “is aligned with the typical spheres, or categories, of municipal planning – buildings, transportation, waste and water” as well as food. The local footprint includes all the materials we use, the energy ‘embodied’, or used, in making those materials and the products we use, the energy we use to operate the various systems in our community (heating and ventilation, transportation and so on) and the built area we occupy or use. 

One of the most interesting findings is that 46 percent of the total ecological footprint for Saanich results from “senior government impacts”. These include “infrastructure and services provided to citizens that are not captured at the local level such as highways, military, health care, coast guard, administrative, etc.” that we pay through our federal and provincial taxes, so are not included in consumption data.

The remaining 54 percent consists of the footprint associated with food (24 percent), transportation (17 percent), buildings (7 percent) and consumables and waste (6 percent). Many of these components of the footprint can be influenced by local action, which is what I will look at next week.

© Trevor Hancock, 2023

thancock@uvic.ca

Dr. Trevor Hancock is a retired professor and senior scholar at the

University of Victoria’s School of Public Health and Social Policy

• Published as “We need to get our ecological footprint down to one planet”

Canada’s ecological footprint, at around five planets, is one of the highest in the world.

Dr. Trevor Hancock

17 October 2023

702 words

The name of the small NGO that I founded and chair says it all: Conversations for a One Planet Region. We began in 2017 as a series of discussions about the idea of a One Planet Region – a Region with an ecological footprint equivalent to one planet’s worth of biocapacity. Our mission is very simple: To establish and maintain community-wide conversations on One Planet living and a One Planet Region.

But the reality is that our collective global ecological footprint is 1.75 planets. Moreover, in exceeding the Earth’s limits we have crossed six of the nine planetary boundaries for key natural systems that support life on Earth, and we are approaching two more.

Of course, high-income countries have higher footprints; Canada’s, at around 5 planets, is one of the highest footprints in the world. Which means that if the whole world lived the way we do, we would need four more planets – good luck with that! Reducing our footprint to one planet’s worth of biocapacity means an 80 percent reduction in our footprint; since over 60 percent of our total is our carbon footprint, the importance of the clean, green energy transition is obvious.

The ecological footprint can also be calculated locally, and as luck would have it, CHRM Consulting has just updated the 2015 report on Saanich’s ecological footprint for the District of Saanich; it is available on the District’s website.

Overall, Saanich’s ecological footprint in 2021 – which is probably representative of the Greater Victoria region as a whole – was equivalent to 4 planets, meaning the challenge of becoming a One Planet Region is a bit easier than the national challenge.  (This is probably because we have a milder climate and very little of our electricity is generated by fossil-fuels.)

But nonetheless, it still means we need a 75 percent reduction in our ecological footprint, and in a future column I will dive more deeply into this report and its implications. But for now, I want to discuss the links between a One Planet approach and bioregionalism, because it seems to me that we need to ground our One Planet work in local reality, a reality that fuses both the natural and the social worlds, and this is what bioregionalism offers.

A bioregional approach is intended to link us to the place we live and the local and global natural systems that keep us alive. In his 1985 book ‘Dwellers in the Land’, Kirkpatrick Sale suggests four reasons for such an approach (as summarized in a 2018 article by Daniel Wahl, one of the current champions of bioregionalism). First, it operates at a more human scale, where “the forces of government and society are still recognizable and comprehensible, where relations with others are still intimate, and where the effects of individual actions are visible.”

Second, it calls for a very different economy, one that “would seek first to maintain rather than use up the natural world, to adapt to the environment rather than try to exploit or manipulate it, to conserve not only the resources but also the relationships and systems of the natural world.” This is the sort of economy envisaged by Herman Daly as a steady state economy, or by Kate Raworth as a Doughnut economy.

Third, this would be a society based on a ‘bottom-up’ politics, with “all authority flowing upward incrementally from the smallest political unit to the largest” so that “nothing [is] done at a higher level than necessary”; the EU calls this the principle of subsidiarity. Finally, it is a society that is symbiotic – that is, characterised by a close, cooperative, or interdependent relationship (Merriam Webster Dictionary), “where families operate within neighbourhoods, neighbourhoods within communities, communities within cities, cities within regions, all on the basis of collaboration and exchange, cooperation and mutual benefit.”

If you want to learn more about bioregionalism, what it means for this region and how it connects to a One Planet region, come to lecture theatre C-103 of the David Strong Building at UVIc on Tuesday October 24th, 7.30 – 9 PM, where Joe Brewer – whom I wrote about last week – and a panel of local leaders will discuss a bioregional approach to the future of our shared region.

© Trevor Hancock, 2023

thancock@uvic.ca

Dr. Trevor Hancock is a retired professor and senior scholar at the

University of Victoria’s School of Public Health and Social Policy

How do we evolve to a culture that is fit for purpose in the 21st century, faced with the realities of ecological limits and social inequity?

Dr. Trevor Hancock

10 October 2023

701 words

I first came across Joe Brewer’s work some years ago in an article he wrote critiquing the failure of universities to address in a comprehensive manner the complex ecological, social and cultural challenges we face. He began his 2017 article “Why Are Universities Failing Humanity?” with this statement: “Humanity is going through the most turbulent and complex change — at planetary scales — that it has ever gone through and there is literally no PhD program on Earth dedicated to preparing scholars to address this situation.”

What was lacking, he argued, is “a fully integrative approach to the coupling of human and ecological systems capable of designing and implementing policy solutions at the appropriate scale to avoid planetary-scale systemic collapse.” Not finding the approach he sought in universities because “my work required a merging of physical sciences, social sciences, and humanities that was nowhere in existence at the time”, he quit his doctoral program and resolved to create what was needed himself.

His thinking very much reflected my own concerns at the time, as I neared retirement after a brief 7-year appointment at UVic and a lifetime as a practitioner and activist. While at UVic I had co-established ‘UVic in the Anthropocene’ as a vehicle to discuss the role of the university in addressing these massive global challenges, and ‘Conversations for a One Planet Region’ (Conversations) as a way of engaging people in discussing the implications of these challenges locally.  Together, these two groups were pleased to welcome Joe to Victoria in November 2019 to talk about his ideas; some of you may have heard him speak at Camosun College.

But Joe has something bigger in mind than changing the work of universities, important though that is: His goal is nothing less than cultural evolution. He was a co-founder of the Cultural Evolution Society and Executive Director of the Center for Applied Cultural Evolution, which defines cultural evolution as simply the extension of Darwin’s concept of evolution “to the domains of social behaviors, practices, tools, and structures”. So how do we evolve to a culture that is fit for purpose in the 21^st century, faced with the realities of ecological limits and social inequity?

We see the work of the Conversations as largely about cultural evolution at a local level, focused on how we shift the core values underlying our culture, something I wrote about two weeks ago. But as I wrote last week, that global-level thinking has to be applied locally. This is an issue that Joe talked about in 2019, since when he has written a book, ‘The Design Pathway for Regenerating Earth’, that is focused on bioregionalism.

The principal goal of Earth regeneration, he writes, is to bring us back within the nine planetary boundaries (six of which, as I noted recently, we have exceeded); it is, in other words, a vision of a ‘One Planet’ society or community. But to achieve that, he writes, we must “organize our efforts around the functional landscapes of real-world ecosystems to achieve the emergent capacities of sustainability at territorial scales.”

To bring that to a planetary scale, he suggests, requires a global network of regenerative bioregions; in other words, it has to be a bottom-up rather than a top-down process. The practical implications include the holistic management of landscapes, the creation of regenerative (rather than exploitative and extractive) economies, and “prosocial communities of people” capable of working effectively together; it also requires an appreciation of the knowledge and experience of Indigenous people, whose way of life was largely ordered around watersheds and other natural systems.

So we are pleased to welcome Joe back to Victoria October 21 – 24. He is currently on a Bioregional Activation Tour of the Cascadia region, coordinated by Regenerate Cascadia. While here he will be meeting with faith communities, local environmental organisations, municipal and business leaders, Indigenous people and high school students.

There will be one free public event, on Tuesday October 24th, 7.30 – 9 PM, in lecture theatre C-103 of the David Strong Building at UVIc. Joe and a panel of local leaders will discuss a bioregional approach to the future of our shared region. More details can be found at http://www.oneplanetconversations.ca; I hope you can make it.

© Trevor Hancock, 2023

thancock@uvic.ca

Dr. Trevor Hancock is a retired professor and senior scholar at the

University of Victoria’s School of Public Health and Social Policy

We need to learn how to live well together in this place that we share, not just with humans but with many other species, and how to do so within the ecological and biophysical constraints of this region.

Dr. Trevor Hancock

3 October 2023

699 words

I have spent the last couple of months exploring the global polycrisis and the set of responses – great turnarounds – proposed in the Earth For All report. But what, you might reasonably ask, does this all mean for us here in the Greater Victoria Region? How can its concepts be translated into local action?

One approach, framed and informed by global and local ecological reality, is called bioregionalism. As originally conceived by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) in 1973, a bioregion was purely an ecological concept, part of a nested set of bio-geographic regions that go from the global to the local. According to One Earth’s ‘Bioregions 2020’ website, there are 185 discrete bioregions, which in turn contain 844 terrestrial ecoregion divisions; the bioregions are themselves located within 52 sub-realms of the world’s eight major biogeographical realms.

Here on southern Vancouver Island, we are part of the Puget Lowland Forests ecoregion, which surrounds the Salish Sea and includes Vancouver and Seattle. Our ecoregion is nested within the Pacific Northwest Coastal Forests Bioregion, which runs from the Santa Cruz Mountains in California to Graham Island in British Columbia. It includes Vancouver Island and Haida Gwaii and adjacent marine areas, and comprises a large part of what some call Cascadia.

But while useful to ecologists, the concept of a bioregion was made more useful to communities in a famous 1977 essay by Peter Berg, a San Francisco-based environmental writer, and Raymond Dasmann, chief ecologist at the IUCN. They expanded the concept to include humans, human culture and activity, defining a bioregion as “geographical terrain and a terrain of consciousness . . . a place and the ideas that have developed about how to live in that place.”

This biocultural model, they proposed, should be used to “establish an ecologically and socially sustainable pattern of existence” within a given place. Those places, they suggested, should largely be based upon watersheds, “the drainage systems [that] help to define and tie together the life of the bioregion”, although they caution that “the final boundaries of a bioregion are best described by the people who have lived within it.”

Writing as they were in a North American context – Berg’s focus was the Northern California bioregion where he lived – they paid attention to the Indigenous ways of knowing about and living within the bioregion before European settlement. They emphasised ‘living-in-place’, the need to understand the ecology, history and culture of the land and its peoples, wryly observing “We know more about property lines than we do about the life that moves under, over, and through them.”  

Technically, the greater Victoria Region is not a bioregion in the ecological sense. But a bioregional approach to managing this place where we live would be useful, and indeed may be essential. As the global ecological and social challenges mount, as the polycrisis deepens, we need to learn how to live well together in this place that we share, not just with humans but with many other species, and how to do so within the ecological and biophysical constraints of this region.

The biocultural model of bioregionalism has been widely taken up, including locally. The One Planet Saanich initiative was instigated as part of a global project by a UK-based group called Bioregional, while the Saanich Peninsula Environmental Coalition has created a Bioregional Framework that has now been adopted by all three municipalities in the Saanich Peninsula: Central and North Saanich and Sidney.

At a larger scale, a group called Regenerate Cascadia is working to activate local groups in the interest of “the long term stewardship of the Cascadia Bioregion.” (One of the two primary conveners of Regenerate Cascadia is Clare Attwell, a local fabric artist and activist, and a member of the Board of Conversations for a One Planet Region, of which I am President.)

Together, we are helping to organise a Cascadia Bioregional Activation Tour by Joe Brewer, one of the current champions of bioregionalism and author of ‘The Design Pathway for Regenerating Earth’. Joe will be visiting Victoria in October, including participating in a public forum at UVic the evening of October 24^th – mark your calendars, more on his work next week.

© Trevor Hancock, 2023

thancock@uvic.ca

Dr. Trevor Hancock is a retired professor and senior scholar at the

University of Victoria’s School of Public Health and Social Policy

New ethical frameworks for society are needed that reflect values of human solidarity, quality of life and ecological sensibility

Dr. Trevor Hancock

26 September 2023

701 words

In recent weeks I have been exploring Earth For All, the 2022 report of the 21^st Century Transformational Economics Commission to the Club of Rome. Intended as ‘A Survival Guide for Humanity’, the report focuses on five great turnarounds, each of which I have discussed.

There is in effect a sixth great turnaround in the report, one that underlies the other five; the need for a transformation in our economic system, which I wrote about last week. But although not explicitly discussed in the report, I detect a seventh – and perhaps the most profound – turnaround underlying all these; a turnaround in the deep cultural values that drive our society and its economy.

In his 2017 book ‘The Patterning Instinct’, Jeremy Lent call these deep cultural values ‘root metaphors’: “Each culture”, he wrote in a 2018 blog for Schumacher College, “tends to construct its worldview on a root metaphor of the universe, which in turn defines people’s relationship to nature and each other, ultimately leading to a set of values that directs how that culture behaves.”

I have addressed this before. Back in November 2020 I wrote about the toxic values we need to change, including the excessive valuing of individualism; greed and materialism, and seeing nature as apart from us rather than something in which we are deeply embedded and upon which we are completely dependent.

Those thoughts align well with “the conventional triad of individualism, consumerism, and domination of nature” identified by the Great Transition Initiative (GTI, see below) as lying at the root of our current global and local crises. In opposition to them, the GTI proposes we develop “a constellation of values – human solidarity, quality of life, and ecological sensibility.”

The GTI, which like Earth For All is focused on a deep transformation of culture and society, is rooted in the Global Scenario Group, founded in 1995. It is “an international collaboration for charting pathways to a planetary civilization rooted in solidarity, sustainability, and human well-being.” And it has a strong interest in ethics.

In February 2020 the GTI organised an online Forum titled ‘Toward a Great Ethics Transition’. In an opening essay, Professor Brendan Mackey, Director of the Climate Change Response Program at Griffith University in Queensland, Australia, wrote: “systemic transformation will require a roadmap guided by shared values about what we want the future to look like and an agreed set of normative ethical principles to provide the necessary moral guidance.”

In particular he noted “we will not have the ‘green economy’ we need without a new economic vision and the institutional means to regulate private abuse of the global commons and goods held in common”, adding in a subsequent commentary, responding to a number of thoughtful responses to his essay, that “Humanity’s future and survival is very much tied to the health of our planet. And for this reason, I argue the Great Transition needs an ethic which is an Earth ethic.”

Mackey suggests that the Earth Charter, launched in 2000 after a 5-year-long consultation process headed by Maurice Strong and Mikhail Gorbachev, is a useful example of a global ethical framework for governance, although it needs updating. In particular he notes its section on ecological integrity needs to address modern-day issues such as the Anthropocene and planetary boundaries, while he comments approvingly on the growing “influence of First Nations’ worldviews, values, and principles in national and international policy and law.”

Mackey also points to “the importance that world religions and religious leaders have to play in the ongoing development and application of Earth ethics.” So I was pleased to be invited with my colleague Clare Attwell to speak recently to the Interfaith Liaison Network of the Victoria Multifaith Society about bioregionalism and the importance of becoming a One Planet Region.

I am convinced of the importance of faith communities in exploring and discussing new ethical frameworks for society that reflect the constellation of values – human solidarity, quality of life, and ecological sensibility – championed by the Great Transition Initiative. We need conversations throughout this region, across BC and Canada about these ideas. Such work is essential if we are to achieve the great turnaround in societal values we need, locally and globally.

© Trevor Hancock, 2023

thancock@uvic.ca

Dr. Trevor Hancock is a retired professor and senior scholar at the

University of Victoria’s School of Public Health and Social Policy

• (Published as “The economy must serve the people and respect the Earth’s limits”)

Scientists who examined nine key Earth systems concluded “six of the nine boundaries are transgressed, suggesting that Earth is now well outside of the safe operating space for humanity.”

Dr. Trevor Hancock

19 September 2023

700 words

‘Earth For All’ is the title of a September 2022 report from theTransformational Economics Commission to the Club of Rome. It is also “an international initiative to accelerate the systems-change we need for an equitable future on a finite planet”. Given its roots in an economic analysis, it unsurprisingly focuses on the economy, calling for “an upgraded economic system”, because “the dominant economic model is destabilising societies. And the planet.”

The urgency of this economic transformation is highlighted by two articles published this month. First, in an article published in Science Advances, Dr. Katherine Richardson and her colleagues have done the first comprehensive review of all the planetary boundaries that were first proposed in 2009. They examined nine key Earth systems and concluded “six of the nine boundaries are transgressed, suggesting that Earth is now well outside of the safe operating space for humanity.”

In addition, they noted, we are close to breaching the boundary for ocean acidification, and already cross the boundary in some regions for air pollution. Moreover, they added, “The transgression level has increased for all boundaries earlier identified as overstepped.”

The only boundary we do not transgress is for the ‘hole’ in the ozone layer. There, things are slowly improving, thanks to strong and rapid international action within two years of when the problem was identified in 1985 – which only goes to show that we can make positive change when we put our minds to it.

The second article, in Lancet Planetary Health, looked at 11 high-income countries (of which Canada is one) that succeeded in reducing their CO2 emissions while growing their GDP – a situation known as ‘decoupling’ emissions from GDP growth. While on the face of it that seems a good thing, Jefim Vogel and Jason Hickel foundthat in reality the rates of emission reductions fall far short of their legally binding CO2 emission reduction commitments under the 2015 Paris Accord.

On average, they said, at that rate it will take more than 220 years for those countries to get their emissions down to an acceptable level. Meanwhile, they found, they would emit 27 times their fair share of the planet’s remaining carbon budget. If high-income countries are to achieve the needed emissions reductions, they concluded, “A crucial step is to stop the pursuit of aggregate economic growth and instead pursue post-growth approaches oriented towards sufficiency, equity, and wellbeing.”

That, in essence, is also the central message of a May 2023 report from the World Health Organization’s Council on the Economics of Health for All. Their central premise is that “Alongside a healthy and sustainable environment, human health and wellbeing must be the ultimate goal of economic activity.”

The Earth For All report reflects the same concerns.  It suggests “we should be largely agnostic about growth- it depends on what is growing.” So ‘yes’ to growth in wellbeing, but ‘no’ to growth in material footprints, which need to shrink. The report takes aim at the ‘winner takes all’ economy and instead proposes “a commons-based wellbeing economy”.

They propose three big changes: “A Citizens Fund to distribute universal basic dividends generated from fees on wealth extraction” (Alaska’s Permanent Fund provides a model), “regulating finance to invest in strategies that address inequality, climate change and other crises” and cancelling unfair international debt.

Call it what you will – a Wellbeing economy, a Doughnut economy, a steady-state economy, de-growth – there is a growing awareness that our current economic system is broken, and cannot be fixed in a way that enables ‘business as usual’ to continue. In fact business as usual leads inexorably to growing disruption of the Earth’s natural systems, growing inequality, and all the instability and societal breakdown that can result from those conditions. 

When it comes to understanding the economy in relationship to our society and the planet, the World Wide Fund for Nature said it simply and well in its 2014 ‘Living Planet’ report: “Ecosystems sustain societies that create economies. It does not work the other way round”. The economic transformation we need begins with that simple understanding, a recognition that the economy must serve the people and respect the bio-physical limits of the Earth. To act otherwise is, in the end, suicidal.

© Trevor Hancock, 2023

thancock@uvic.ca

Dr. Trevor Hancock is a retired professor and senior scholar at the

University of Victoria’s School of Public Health and Social Policy