How do we evolve to a culture that is fit for purpose in the 21st century, faced with the realities of ecological limits and social inequity?

Dr. Trevor Hancock

10 October 2023

701 words

I first came across Joe Brewer’s work some years ago in an article he wrote critiquing the failure of universities to address in a comprehensive manner the complex ecological, social and cultural challenges we face. He began his 2017 article “Why Are Universities Failing Humanity?” with this statement: “Humanity is going through the most turbulent and complex change — at planetary scales — that it has ever gone through and there is literally no PhD program on Earth dedicated to preparing scholars to address this situation.”

What was lacking, he argued, is “a fully integrative approach to the coupling of human and ecological systems capable of designing and implementing policy solutions at the appropriate scale to avoid planetary-scale systemic collapse.” Not finding the approach he sought in universities because “my work required a merging of physical sciences, social sciences, and humanities that was nowhere in existence at the time”, he quit his doctoral program and resolved to create what was needed himself.

His thinking very much reflected my own concerns at the time, as I neared retirement after a brief 7-year appointment at UVic and a lifetime as a practitioner and activist. While at UVic I had co-established ‘UVic in the Anthropocene’ as a vehicle to discuss the role of the university in addressing these massive global challenges, and ‘Conversations for a One Planet Region’ (Conversations) as a way of engaging people in discussing the implications of these challenges locally.  Together, these two groups were pleased to welcome Joe to Victoria in November 2019 to talk about his ideas; some of you may have heard him speak at Camosun College.

But Joe has something bigger in mind than changing the work of universities, important though that is: His goal is nothing less than cultural evolution. He was a co-founder of the Cultural Evolution Society and Executive Director of the Center for Applied Cultural Evolution, which defines cultural evolution as simply the extension of Darwin’s concept of evolution “to the domains of social behaviors, practices, tools, and structures”. So how do we evolve to a culture that is fit for purpose in the 21^st century, faced with the realities of ecological limits and social inequity?

We see the work of the Conversations as largely about cultural evolution at a local level, focused on how we shift the core values underlying our culture, something I wrote about two weeks ago. But as I wrote last week, that global-level thinking has to be applied locally. This is an issue that Joe talked about in 2019, since when he has written a book, ‘The Design Pathway for Regenerating Earth’, that is focused on bioregionalism.

The principal goal of Earth regeneration, he writes, is to bring us back within the nine planetary boundaries (six of which, as I noted recently, we have exceeded); it is, in other words, a vision of a ‘One Planet’ society or community. But to achieve that, he writes, we must “organize our efforts around the functional landscapes of real-world ecosystems to achieve the emergent capacities of sustainability at territorial scales.”

To bring that to a planetary scale, he suggests, requires a global network of regenerative bioregions; in other words, it has to be a bottom-up rather than a top-down process. The practical implications include the holistic management of landscapes, the creation of regenerative (rather than exploitative and extractive) economies, and “prosocial communities of people” capable of working effectively together; it also requires an appreciation of the knowledge and experience of Indigenous people, whose way of life was largely ordered around watersheds and other natural systems.

So we are pleased to welcome Joe back to Victoria October 21 – 24. He is currently on a Bioregional Activation Tour of the Cascadia region, coordinated by Regenerate Cascadia. While here he will be meeting with faith communities, local environmental organisations, municipal and business leaders, Indigenous people and high school students.

There will be one free public event, on Tuesday October 24th, 7.30 – 9 PM, in lecture theatre C-103 of the David Strong Building at UVIc. Joe and a panel of local leaders will discuss a bioregional approach to the future of our shared region. More details can be found at http://www.oneplanetconversations.ca; I hope you can make it.

© Trevor Hancock, 2023

thancock@uvic.ca

Dr. Trevor Hancock is a retired professor and senior scholar at the

University of Victoria’s School of Public Health and Social Policy

We need to learn how to live well together in this place that we share, not just with humans but with many other species, and how to do so within the ecological and biophysical constraints of this region.

Dr. Trevor Hancock

3 October 2023

699 words

I have spent the last couple of months exploring the global polycrisis and the set of responses – great turnarounds – proposed in the Earth For All report. But what, you might reasonably ask, does this all mean for us here in the Greater Victoria Region? How can its concepts be translated into local action?

One approach, framed and informed by global and local ecological reality, is called bioregionalism. As originally conceived by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) in 1973, a bioregion was purely an ecological concept, part of a nested set of bio-geographic regions that go from the global to the local. According to One Earth’s ‘Bioregions 2020’ website, there are 185 discrete bioregions, which in turn contain 844 terrestrial ecoregion divisions; the bioregions are themselves located within 52 sub-realms of the world’s eight major biogeographical realms.

Here on southern Vancouver Island, we are part of the Puget Lowland Forests ecoregion, which surrounds the Salish Sea and includes Vancouver and Seattle. Our ecoregion is nested within the Pacific Northwest Coastal Forests Bioregion, which runs from the Santa Cruz Mountains in California to Graham Island in British Columbia. It includes Vancouver Island and Haida Gwaii and adjacent marine areas, and comprises a large part of what some call Cascadia.

But while useful to ecologists, the concept of a bioregion was made more useful to communities in a famous 1977 essay by Peter Berg, a San Francisco-based environmental writer, and Raymond Dasmann, chief ecologist at the IUCN. They expanded the concept to include humans, human culture and activity, defining a bioregion as “geographical terrain and a terrain of consciousness . . . a place and the ideas that have developed about how to live in that place.”

This biocultural model, they proposed, should be used to “establish an ecologically and socially sustainable pattern of existence” within a given place. Those places, they suggested, should largely be based upon watersheds, “the drainage systems [that] help to define and tie together the life of the bioregion”, although they caution that “the final boundaries of a bioregion are best described by the people who have lived within it.”

Writing as they were in a North American context – Berg’s focus was the Northern California bioregion where he lived – they paid attention to the Indigenous ways of knowing about and living within the bioregion before European settlement. They emphasised ‘living-in-place’, the need to understand the ecology, history and culture of the land and its peoples, wryly observing “We know more about property lines than we do about the life that moves under, over, and through them.”  

Technically, the greater Victoria Region is not a bioregion in the ecological sense. But a bioregional approach to managing this place where we live would be useful, and indeed may be essential. As the global ecological and social challenges mount, as the polycrisis deepens, we need to learn how to live well together in this place that we share, not just with humans but with many other species, and how to do so within the ecological and biophysical constraints of this region.

The biocultural model of bioregionalism has been widely taken up, including locally. The One Planet Saanich initiative was instigated as part of a global project by a UK-based group called Bioregional, while the Saanich Peninsula Environmental Coalition has created a Bioregional Framework that has now been adopted by all three municipalities in the Saanich Peninsula: Central and North Saanich and Sidney.

At a larger scale, a group called Regenerate Cascadia is working to activate local groups in the interest of “the long term stewardship of the Cascadia Bioregion.” (One of the two primary conveners of Regenerate Cascadia is Clare Attwell, a local fabric artist and activist, and a member of the Board of Conversations for a One Planet Region, of which I am President.)

Together, we are helping to organise a Cascadia Bioregional Activation Tour by Joe Brewer, one of the current champions of bioregionalism and author of ‘The Design Pathway for Regenerating Earth’. Joe will be visiting Victoria in October, including participating in a public forum at UVic the evening of October 24^th – mark your calendars, more on his work next week.

© Trevor Hancock, 2023

thancock@uvic.ca

Dr. Trevor Hancock is a retired professor and senior scholar at the

University of Victoria’s School of Public Health and Social Policy

New ethical frameworks for society are needed that reflect values of human solidarity, quality of life and ecological sensibility

Dr. Trevor Hancock

26 September 2023

701 words

In recent weeks I have been exploring Earth For All, the 2022 report of the 21^st Century Transformational Economics Commission to the Club of Rome. Intended as ‘A Survival Guide for Humanity’, the report focuses on five great turnarounds, each of which I have discussed.

There is in effect a sixth great turnaround in the report, one that underlies the other five; the need for a transformation in our economic system, which I wrote about last week. But although not explicitly discussed in the report, I detect a seventh – and perhaps the most profound – turnaround underlying all these; a turnaround in the deep cultural values that drive our society and its economy.

In his 2017 book ‘The Patterning Instinct’, Jeremy Lent call these deep cultural values ‘root metaphors’: “Each culture”, he wrote in a 2018 blog for Schumacher College, “tends to construct its worldview on a root metaphor of the universe, which in turn defines people’s relationship to nature and each other, ultimately leading to a set of values that directs how that culture behaves.”

I have addressed this before. Back in November 2020 I wrote about the toxic values we need to change, including the excessive valuing of individualism; greed and materialism, and seeing nature as apart from us rather than something in which we are deeply embedded and upon which we are completely dependent.

Those thoughts align well with “the conventional triad of individualism, consumerism, and domination of nature” identified by the Great Transition Initiative (GTI, see below) as lying at the root of our current global and local crises. In opposition to them, the GTI proposes we develop “a constellation of values – human solidarity, quality of life, and ecological sensibility.”

The GTI, which like Earth For All is focused on a deep transformation of culture and society, is rooted in the Global Scenario Group, founded in 1995. It is “an international collaboration for charting pathways to a planetary civilization rooted in solidarity, sustainability, and human well-being.” And it has a strong interest in ethics.

In February 2020 the GTI organised an online Forum titled ‘Toward a Great Ethics Transition’. In an opening essay, Professor Brendan Mackey, Director of the Climate Change Response Program at Griffith University in Queensland, Australia, wrote: “systemic transformation will require a roadmap guided by shared values about what we want the future to look like and an agreed set of normative ethical principles to provide the necessary moral guidance.”

In particular he noted “we will not have the ‘green economy’ we need without a new economic vision and the institutional means to regulate private abuse of the global commons and goods held in common”, adding in a subsequent commentary, responding to a number of thoughtful responses to his essay, that “Humanity’s future and survival is very much tied to the health of our planet. And for this reason, I argue the Great Transition needs an ethic which is an Earth ethic.”

Mackey suggests that the Earth Charter, launched in 2000 after a 5-year-long consultation process headed by Maurice Strong and Mikhail Gorbachev, is a useful example of a global ethical framework for governance, although it needs updating. In particular he notes its section on ecological integrity needs to address modern-day issues such as the Anthropocene and planetary boundaries, while he comments approvingly on the growing “influence of First Nations’ worldviews, values, and principles in national and international policy and law.”

Mackey also points to “the importance that world religions and religious leaders have to play in the ongoing development and application of Earth ethics.” So I was pleased to be invited with my colleague Clare Attwell to speak recently to the Interfaith Liaison Network of the Victoria Multifaith Society about bioregionalism and the importance of becoming a One Planet Region.

I am convinced of the importance of faith communities in exploring and discussing new ethical frameworks for society that reflect the constellation of values – human solidarity, quality of life, and ecological sensibility – championed by the Great Transition Initiative. We need conversations throughout this region, across BC and Canada about these ideas. Such work is essential if we are to achieve the great turnaround in societal values we need, locally and globally.

© Trevor Hancock, 2023

thancock@uvic.ca

Dr. Trevor Hancock is a retired professor and senior scholar at the

University of Victoria’s School of Public Health and Social Policy

• (Published as “The economy must serve the people and respect the Earth’s limits”)

Scientists who examined nine key Earth systems concluded “six of the nine boundaries are transgressed, suggesting that Earth is now well outside of the safe operating space for humanity.”

Dr. Trevor Hancock

19 September 2023

700 words

‘Earth For All’ is the title of a September 2022 report from theTransformational Economics Commission to the Club of Rome. It is also “an international initiative to accelerate the systems-change we need for an equitable future on a finite planet”. Given its roots in an economic analysis, it unsurprisingly focuses on the economy, calling for “an upgraded economic system”, because “the dominant economic model is destabilising societies. And the planet.”

The urgency of this economic transformation is highlighted by two articles published this month. First, in an article published in Science Advances, Dr. Katherine Richardson and her colleagues have done the first comprehensive review of all the planetary boundaries that were first proposed in 2009. They examined nine key Earth systems and concluded “six of the nine boundaries are transgressed, suggesting that Earth is now well outside of the safe operating space for humanity.”

In addition, they noted, we are close to breaching the boundary for ocean acidification, and already cross the boundary in some regions for air pollution. Moreover, they added, “The transgression level has increased for all boundaries earlier identified as overstepped.”

The only boundary we do not transgress is for the ‘hole’ in the ozone layer. There, things are slowly improving, thanks to strong and rapid international action within two years of when the problem was identified in 1985 – which only goes to show that we can make positive change when we put our minds to it.

The second article, in Lancet Planetary Health, looked at 11 high-income countries (of which Canada is one) that succeeded in reducing their CO2 emissions while growing their GDP – a situation known as ‘decoupling’ emissions from GDP growth. While on the face of it that seems a good thing, Jefim Vogel and Jason Hickel foundthat in reality the rates of emission reductions fall far short of their legally binding CO2 emission reduction commitments under the 2015 Paris Accord.

On average, they said, at that rate it will take more than 220 years for those countries to get their emissions down to an acceptable level. Meanwhile, they found, they would emit 27 times their fair share of the planet’s remaining carbon budget. If high-income countries are to achieve the needed emissions reductions, they concluded, “A crucial step is to stop the pursuit of aggregate economic growth and instead pursue post-growth approaches oriented towards sufficiency, equity, and wellbeing.”

That, in essence, is also the central message of a May 2023 report from the World Health Organization’s Council on the Economics of Health for All. Their central premise is that “Alongside a healthy and sustainable environment, human health and wellbeing must be the ultimate goal of economic activity.”

The Earth For All report reflects the same concerns.  It suggests “we should be largely agnostic about growth- it depends on what is growing.” So ‘yes’ to growth in wellbeing, but ‘no’ to growth in material footprints, which need to shrink. The report takes aim at the ‘winner takes all’ economy and instead proposes “a commons-based wellbeing economy”.

They propose three big changes: “A Citizens Fund to distribute universal basic dividends generated from fees on wealth extraction” (Alaska’s Permanent Fund provides a model), “regulating finance to invest in strategies that address inequality, climate change and other crises” and cancelling unfair international debt.

Call it what you will – a Wellbeing economy, a Doughnut economy, a steady-state economy, de-growth – there is a growing awareness that our current economic system is broken, and cannot be fixed in a way that enables ‘business as usual’ to continue. In fact business as usual leads inexorably to growing disruption of the Earth’s natural systems, growing inequality, and all the instability and societal breakdown that can result from those conditions. 

When it comes to understanding the economy in relationship to our society and the planet, the World Wide Fund for Nature said it simply and well in its 2014 ‘Living Planet’ report: “Ecosystems sustain societies that create economies. It does not work the other way round”. The economic transformation we need begins with that simple understanding, a recognition that the economy must serve the people and respect the bio-physical limits of the Earth. To act otherwise is, in the end, suicidal.

© Trevor Hancock, 2023

thancock@uvic.ca

Dr. Trevor Hancock is a retired professor and senior scholar at the

University of Victoria’s School of Public Health and Social Policy

• (Published as “If we want energy for all, we need to stop wasting it”)

A 2018 study found global energy demand by 2050 could be 40 per cent lower than now if all known energy efficiencies were implemented

Dr. Trevor Hancock

12 September 2023

699 words

The fifth great turnaround proposed by the Earth For All (E4A) initiative of the Club of Rome is a complete restructuring of our energy system. But it’s more than that, since energy is so bound up in all we do. Energy has powered our civilization ever since we first learned to use fire to warm us, cook and scare off predators.

As we moved through the ages of wood, coal, oil, gas and nuclear we accumulated more and more ‘energy servants’. Today, by one estimate, every American has at their command the equivalent of roughly 150 servants working 24/7 every day of the year, and that does not seem to include the energy used outside America making all the stuff that is acquired.

So transforming our energy system also means transforming our way of life, our societies and our economies. In their chapter on The Energy Turnaround, E4A’s authors discuss among other things “a shift to more conscious production, and to consuming less”, as well as the need for a circular economy and manufacturing practices to both recycle materials and use less materials in products.

At the heart of their proposed strategy lies greater energy and resource efficiency.  As is the case with food, as I noted last week, we waste a lot of energy. Earth For All cites a 2018 study in Nature Energy by Arnulf Grubler and colleagues that found global energy demand by 2050 could be 40 percent lower than now if all known energy efficiencies were implemented, in spite of population increases and rising affluence.

Greater efficiencies stem from improving our buildings and changing our transportation systems, E4A stresses. Improved insulation is “a better solution than adding air conditioning or heaters”, daylighting buildings is better than using lights, refurbishing is better than demolishing buildings. We also need to redesign our cities for walkability and livability, aiming for denser development, public transportation and “smaller vehicles, and fewer vehicles on the roads.”

Those vehicles should be electric, as should pretty much everything else. Indeed “electrify (almost) everything” is their second proposed solution: “we should substitute carbon molecules with electrons wherever something needs energy.”

They address a number of myths put forward mainly by the fossil fuel industry and their allies: No, energy transitions are not slow, and we are midway through this transition, at the point where renewable energy is as cheap as fossil fuels, or cheaper, in many places. No, many sectors are not hard to electrify, the technologies to do so exist. No, it is not difficult to change people’s behavior, and no, clean energy is not intermittent and unreliable, if proper planning is done.

In fact, “the solutions are market-ready”, although we do need to ensure that the new minerals mining that is needed does not exploit poor nations or vulnerable people, and does not create land degradation and pollution. Part of that mitigation, of course, is that greater efficiency reduces demand and its accompanying harms.

Earth For All’s third proposed solution is an exponential growth in new renewables. Wind and solar, they point out, doubled from 5 percent of all global electricity production in 2016 to 10 percent in 2021. At that rate, they note, these technologies could supply half of all electricity in the early 2030s, especially as costs decline about 20-25 percent for each doubling of installed capacity.

Another energy source to consider is ultradeep geothermal energy, which has caught the attention of Thomas Homer-Dixon and his colleagues at the Cascade Institute at Royal Roads University. This involves creating heat-exchange reservoirs in hot, dry rock more than 5 kilometres below Earth’s surface. These geothermal power plants, they write, “could be built nearly anywhere on Earth and provide an essentially limitless supply of net-zero power.” By pioneering this approach, they suggest, Canada could become a deep geothermal superpower.

Not only will these changes help us avoid the worst of climate change, they will also result in cleaner air and better health, especially in low and middle-income countries, who will need both techological and financial support to make these changes. But as the countries with the highest carbon footprints, high-income countries such as Canada need to lead the way towards energy for all.

© Trevor Hancock, 2023

thancock@uvic.ca

Dr. Trevor Hancock is a retired professor and senior scholar at the

University of Victoria’s School of Public Health and Social Policy

(Published as “We need to change the way we farm — and eat”)

A more plant-based, low-meat diet has many health and ecological benefits, including requiring less land per person, so it can be farmed more sustainably.

Dr. Trevor Hancock

4 September 2023

701 words

The first three of the five ‘great turnarounds’ in the Club of Rome’s ‘Earth for All’ report are concerned with addressing different aspects of inequality. But the final two, to which I now turn, are concerned with two of the most fundamental determinants of our health; food and – next week – energy.

The Earth For All report notes: “The way we farm, transport and consume food affects more planetary boundaries than anything else.” They go on to list these impacts, which include climate change, deforestation, biodiversity loss – including widespread depletion of fish stocks, massive use of freshwater, and pollution from fertilisers, pesticides and animal wastes.

Those ecological changes cut both ways, with the effects of climate change – high temperatures, droughts and floods – threatening agriculture in many parts of the world. The risk of ‘breadbasket failures’ are real and growing.

Indeed, the lead author of a recent article in Nature Communication, titled “Risks of synchronized low yields are underestimated in climate and crop model projections” told AFP that the study should be a “a wake-up call in terms of our uncertainties.”

But climate and other ecological changes are not the only factors threatening the stability and resilience of what is, in fact, a rather fragile global food system. The system depends upon a relatively small number of countries and staple products, many grown as monocultures with little genetic variety, while an unhealthy and environmentally harmful Western diet is pushed by narrow commercial interests.

As we have seen in Ukraine, a relatively small local war can affect food availability and prices around the world, especially in many vulnerable low-income countries, potentially triggering social unrest and mass migration, and threatening democracy. 

“We face a triple challenge in agriculture”, the Earth For All report concludes: “Produce more healthy food, without destroying the planet, while building resilient production systems that are able to withstand rising shocks.” And the report goes on to suggest three solutions.

The first is to revolutionize the way we farm. Given that we already use half of all land for agriculture and other purposes, this starts with not expanding the conversion of forests and other natural lands to agriculture. In fact we need to grow more food on less land, while restoring natural systems.

Farmlands must become carbon sinks, not carbon emitters, they must enhance not erode biodiversity and they must restore the health of the soil. This is an approach known as regenerative agriculture. It must be complemented by advanced technologies for managing agriculture efficiently, including ‘vertical farming’ in cities.

The second solution is to change our diets. The Western diet, marketed around the world, is bad for health and for the planet. A more plant-based, low-meat diet – such as the new Canada Food Guide proposes – has many health and ecological benefits. In particular it requires less land per person, which reduces the pressure on land, allowing it to be farmed more sustainably. 

Finally, we need to eliminate food loss and waste, which can also reduce the pressure on land. The FAO estimates that globally about one third of food is lost or wasted. In high-income countries we over-consume and portion size is too large, fueling obesity, and we discard too much edible food because it is blemished. In low-income countries, better storage, refrigeration and transportation is needed to reduce losses.

Here on Vancouver Island, most of our food is imported, and we have only enough food land to supply about 10 percent of our needs, according to Professor Rick Kool at Royal Roads University, although that could be more with a low-meat diet. The good news is that increasing the uptake of regenerative practices is one of the objectives of BC’s Ministry of Agriculture and Food, while the Sundown Centre in North Saanich provides a hub for regenerative agricultural practices in the region.

In addition, The City of Victoria is a founding partner in the ‘Love Food Hate Waste’ campaign, a national program to reduce food waste in Canada. The City is also home to the Zero Waste Emporium, Vancouver Island’s first Zero Waste grocery store. But the big challenge is changing our diets and changing our over-consumption practices; we still have a long way to go!

© Trevor Hancock, 2023

thancock@uvic.ca

Dr. Trevor Hancock is a retired professor and senior scholar at the

University of Victoria’s School of Public Health and Social Policy

We are far from gender equality globally, and still have some way to go in Canada

Dr. Trevor Hancock

29 August 2023

701 words

Last week I discussed the need for a reduction in inequality within nations as the second of five ‘great turnarounds’ proposed in the Earth For All report. The third turnaround needed to ensure a socially just transformation is the empowerment of women and the achievement of gender equity.

The report’s authors stress the need for improvement in “women’s access to education, economic opportunities and dignified jobs, and all life’s chances that these bring.” The education and empowerment of women and their involvement in the economy, they note, is strongly linked to reduced fertility rates and a reduction in population size.

This point was emphasized by Per Espen Stoknes, Earth For All project lead and director of the Centre for Sustainability at the Norwegian Business School. It is the main factor behind their prediction that the population would peak at 8.6 billion in 2050 (we just passed 8 billion) before declining to 7 billion in 2100.

Gender equality is the fifth of the UN’s 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) agreed upon by all the nations of the world, including Canada, in 2015. There are six outcome targets under this Goal, including ending all forms of discrimination against women and girls; ending violence and exploitation of women and girls; eliminating harmful practices such as child early and forced marriage and female genital mutilation, and ensuring access to universal reproductive rights and health.

The latest report on Goal 5 from UN Women, the UN organization dedicated to gender equality and the empowerment of women, was in 2022. It found “the world is not on track to achieve gender equality by 2030”. Indeed, at the current rate of change, the report noted, “it may take another 286 years to remove discriminatory laws and close prevailing gaps in legal protections for women and girls.”

The report highlights the importance of educating girls and young women, noting it is “integral to virtually every aspect of development, including economic growth and prosperity.” These benefits, decades of research has shown, include “faster poverty reduction, better maternal health, lower child mortality, greater HIV prevention and reduced violence against women.”

A fact sheet in the report highlights that violence against women and girls remains commonplace. Shockingly, globally, one woman or girl is killed by someone in her own family every 11 minutes, while globally, one in eight women and girlsaged 15-49 was subjected to sexual and/or physical violence by an intimate partner in the previous year.

Clearly there is a long way to go in achieving gender equality in many parts of the world, as highlighted by recent events in Afghanistan, in which women are denied education and employment, or in Iran, where there are many restrictions on women; similar restrictions are seen in many other parts of the world,

Here in Canada, not only is gender equality a fundamental human right, the Government of Canada states, it is “a necessary foundation for a peaceful, prosperous and sustainable world.” As part of its commitment, in 2019, the government established a Ministry of Women and Gender Equality.

Canada’s aims, according to the federal government, are to eliminate gender-based violence and harassment, support gender equality in leadership roles and at all levels of decision-making and ensure that Canadians, and those who live here, share responsibilities within households and families.

The Government of Canada introduced the Gender Results Framework in 2018 to provide data on gender equality within 6 main areas: education and skills development; economic participation and prosperity; leadership and democratic participation; gender-based violence and access to justice; poverty reduction, health and well-being; and gender equality around the world.

Regrettably, however, while there is lots of data in extensive tables, it is not user-friendly and I could not find a useful summary or compilation on their website, nor could I find an annual report. However, the Canadian Women’s Foundation notes that women working full-time and part-time make 89 cents for every dollar men make, that women, especially single mothers are more likely to live in low-income households than men, and that one in ten women are concerned about the possibility of violence in the home.

Clearly, we are far from gender equality globally, and still have some way to go in Canada.

© Trevor Hancock, 2023

thancock@uvic.ca

Dr. Trevor Hancock is a retired professor and senior scholar at the

University of Victoria’s School of Public Health and Social Policy

There are moral, social and economic arguments in favour of reducing inequality.

Dr. Trevor Hancock

22 August 2023

699 words

The second great turnaround proposed by the Club of Rome’s 21^st Century Transformational Economics Commission in their “Earth For All” report is to reduce inequality within nations. As I noted last week, there are moral, social and economic arguments in favour of reducing inequality. As the report bluntly states, “extreme inequality is a destructive force in society”, while “countries where citizens are economically more equal function better.” 

The Commission notes the problems resulting from inequality include skewed political power, over-consumption among the rich and the appropriation of ‘the commons’ through privatization – not just land, but data and knowledge too. To this we might add that high levels of inequality lead to a sense of powerlessness and hopelessness, and the potential for heightened social conflict.

Inequality has been increasing around the world in recent decades, as it has in Canada. The World Inequality Report 2022 (WIR) stated: “Income and wealth inequalities have been on the rise nearly everywhere since the1980s following a series of deregulation and liberalization programs”. But, the report added, different countries displayed different degrees of rising inequality, indicating that “inequality is not inevitable, it is a political choice.”  

Earth4All proposes three main levers to address inequality within nations: “more progressive taxation on both income and wealth for individuals and corporations; strengthening labor rights and trade unions’ negotiating power”; and innovations such as a universal basic income that can both share prosperity and provide security.

What would this mean in Canada? First, we forget we were less unequal in Canada before the advent of neoliberal ideology and economics. The WIR points out that “inequality in Canada . . . was maintained at low levels from the 1950s to the 1980s”, but that “income inequality in Canada has been rising significantly over the past 40 years”. This was attributed to a combination of financialization (an increase in size and importance of the financial sector), deregulation and lower taxes since the 1980s.

Specifically, in 1980, the top 10 percent of income earners took almost 35 percent of national income, while the bottom half of the population took almost 20 percent. Today, the WIR notes, the top 10 percent take just over 40 percent of national income, while the bottom half take only 15.6 percent. This makes Canada more unequal than the EU, but less unequal than the USA.

Wealth inequality in Canada is even more dramatic, and has remained relatively unchanged since the mid-1990s: The top 10 percent own over 57 percent of wealth (and the top 1 percent own 25 percent), while the bottom half own less than 6 percent of wealth.

Second, we also forget the workforce was more unionized forty years ago. A 2022 Statistics Canada report notes that unionization among full time employees dropped by almost a quarter, from 40 percent in 1981 to 30 percent by 2022, and remained low, at 23 percent, among part-time employees

We also forget the reason for unions and the benefits they bring. They were and remain a way for workers – which is most of us – to resist the power of large corporations, for whom cheap labour and low or non-existent benefits and pensions and poor working conditions are all good ways to save money and increase profits.

It has been one of the triumphs of corporate power to persuade today’s gig workers that they are better off with low paid, part-time and temporary work with few or no benefits. But the impacts in terms of low income, poverty and stress, among other costs to people and society, are significant. Moreover, a 2021 study from the Economic Policy Institute in the USA found that the 17 states with the highest rates of unionization “have more equitable economic structures, social structures, and democracies”.

As to the third strategy, readers may recall that I argued recently that we would need to tax robots and AI so as to redistribute the wealth they create, providing the basis for a universal basic income. The Earth4All report also proposes a Citizen’s Fund to share the dividends created through (environmentally responsible) exploitation of a nation’s shared natural wealth. Ideas such as these need to be discussed if we are to reduce inequality in Canada and globally.

© Trevor Hancock, 2023

thancock@uvic.ca

Dr. Trevor Hancock is a retired professor and senior scholar at the

University of Victoria’s School of Public Health and Social Policy

Humans must move from a society focused on “me” to one focused on “we”

Dr. Trevor Hancock

15 August 2023

700 words

In the past few weeks I have been stressing the need for a rapid transformation of our society if we are to ensure people around the world can have good lives within planetary boundaries.  A recent article in a (British) Royal Society journal by Professor Timothy Lenton, a leading Earth system scientist and Director of the Global Systems Institute, University of Exeter and Marten Scheffer at Wageningen University, makes the same point.

They suggest there are two main ways in which “the industrialized modern growth regime” is a threat to itself, which means, of course, a threat to our societies and to ourselves. First, “the growing consumption of non-essential goods, services and associated resources is causing climate change, loss of nature and disruption of humanity’s life-support system”; second, they state, “appropriation of resources by the richest is exacerbating inequality between nations and within some of the richest nations, producing geopolitical tension, social unrest and conflict (despite average wealth increasing).”

After looking at the process by which “human systems . . . come to dominate and transform the world”, they conclude that “to escape a bleak Anthropocene will require abruptly shifting from existing unsustainable ‘vicious cycles’ to alternative, sustainable ‘virtuous cycles’”. But they add that this will require “a revolutionary cultural shift from maximizing growth to maximizing persistence”, or as the Science Council of Canada put it almost fifty years ago, from a consumer to a conserver society.

It will also require another key shift in core values, in order to address the threat of growing inequality noted above: From a society focused on ‘me’ to one focused on ‘we’, from the hyper-individualism of neo-liberalism to a concern for our neighbours and, as Indigenous people put it, for ‘all our relations’.

Earth For All, a 2022 report to the Club of Rome from its 21^st Century Transformational Economics Commission, is focused on exactly this necessity. The key point of the report is inherent in its title; this is not Earth for a few, nor just for some, not even for many, but for ALL. It stems from a deeply humane concern to include everyone, to ensure everyone in the world has their basic needs met and that they enjoy good health, a sense of wellbeing and a decent quality of life.

The argument here is not for absolute equality, but for equity. In my field of population health, inequity – its opposite – is understood as unfair and unacceptable inequality. In other words, we recognize that in health, as in the rest of life, there will always be differences, inequalities. What matters is whether those differences are considered fair or just. Many would argue that the current level of inequality between rich and poor is neither fair nor just, and thus is unacceptable.

For those who have problems dealing with the strong moral argument to reduce inequality and achieve equity, I advance a strong social benefit. As the Earth For All report notes: “Countries that are more equal perform better in all areas of human wellbeing and achievement than countries with divisive levels of income inequality.” And since there are large economic costs both in lost productivity and lost contribution to society and in added cost to deal with health, social and other problems, this constitutes a strong economic argument for greater equity.

The Earth For All report proposed five ‘great turnarounds’ or transformations to create a sustainable society, the first three of which are focused on inequality: Ending poverty globally, addressing gross inequality within nations and empowering women. The fourth great turnaround involves redesigning our food systems to make them healthy for both people and the planet, while the final great turnaround is focused on transforming our energy systems.

Underlying these five transformations is a sixth; a shift from “Winner takes all” capitalism to what the report calls “Earth4All economies”. Such economies are based on “securing a people’s wellbeing by securing their shared commons”, by which is meant the ecological determinants of our shared health – land, water, air, food, a clean and safe environment, biodiversity, a stable climate and so on.

I addressed the first turnaround, ending poverty globally, in December. Next week I will start to look at the remaining turnarounds.

© Trevor Hancock, 2023

thancock@uvic.ca

Dr. Trevor Hancock is a retired professor and senior scholar at the

University of Victoria’s School of Public Health and Social Policy

Capitalism is itself a giant income redistribution scheme, transferring money from the poor to the rich.

Dr. Trevor Hancock

8 August 2023

700 words

Last week I looked at the 1977 Science Council of Canada report ‘Canada as a Conserver Society’. The report recommended “Canadians as individuals, and their governments, institutions, and industries, begin the transition from a consumer society preoccupied with resource exploitation to a conserver society engaged in more constructive endeavours.”

As opposed to a consumer society, stated the report, a conserver society “promotes economy of design of all systems, i.e., ‘doing more with less’; favours re-use or recycling and, wherever possible, reduction at source; questions the ever-growing per capita demand for consumer goods, artificially encouraged by modern marketing techniques, and recognizes that a diversity of solutions in many systems, such as energy and transportation, might in effect increase their overall economy, stability, and resiliency.”

Regrettably, we did not make that transition and have lost the opportunity for the gradual transition that was called for. Fifty years later, the hole we have dug for ourselves is now much deeper, and thus the transition must be faster and the rate of change steeper; we now need not just a gradual transition but a rapid transformation, and one that addresses not only the ecological realities we face, but the social realities too.

Chief among the latter, as UN Secretary General Antonio Guterres stated in February, is that “Extreme wealth and extreme poverty rage on. The gulf between the haves and have nots is cleaving societies, countries and our wider world.”

So I was glad to see that in calling for the transition, the authors of the Science Council report added: “Ideally, Canada could provide the leadership necessary to work toward more equitable distribution of the benefits of natural resources to all mankind.” It is that more equitable distribution I begin to address this week.

Now any time I raise the issue of a more equitable distribution of wealth and income it leads to accusations this is socialism or communism and that, as one recent letter writer to this paper put it, “’climate justice’ sounds too much like a giant income redistribution scheme”. But what this view fails to recognise is that capitalism is itself a giant income redistribution scheme, transferring money from the poor to the rich.

In a November 2019 column I noted that Bruce Boghosian, a professor of mathematics at Tufts University, reported in an article in Scientific American that “far from wealth trickling down to the poor, the natural inclination of wealth is to flow upward, so that the ‘natural’ wealth distribution in a free-market economy is one of complete oligarchy” – a situation in which one person owns everything. Importantly, he adds, “it is only redistribution that sets limits on inequality.”

So to be clear, when I talk about redistribution, it is because we need to set limits on inequality in the context of a finite planet where excessive resource consumption and pollution by the wealthy makes it impossible for the poor to meet their basic human needs.

That is what I meant when I wrote last week that neoliberalism is inhumane, which the Oxford Dictionaries define as “without compassion for misery or suffering; cruel.” Neoliberalism puts money before the wellbeing of people, communities and nature, even though the latter underpins the wellbeing and indeed the very survival of people. In viewing these as ‘externalities’, it denies people their humanity and their right to exist.

The great transformation to a conserver or sustainable society that we must undertake must be socially just not only for the present global population, but for future generations and for other species, so that all can thrive on this one small planet that is our only home.

Last Fall, I began exploring the proposals for a just transformation in the Club of Rome’s Earth For All framework. The authors note in their opening chapter that “the long-term potential of humanity depends upon civilization . . . undergoing five extraordinary turnarounds within the coming decades.” The first three of those turnarounds are focused on inequality: Ending poverty globally, addressing gross inequality within nations and empowering women.

I addressed the first of these in my December 4^th column, but did not complete my review of the remaining turnarounds. Next week, I will pick up where I left off.   

© Trevor Hancock, 2023

thancock@uvic.ca

Dr. Trevor Hancock is a retired professor and senior scholar at the              University of Victoria’s School of Public Health and Social Policy